The Subjunctive in German

United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees Essay

Due to several reasons, such as to escape war, domestic persecution, conflict, natural disaster, climate change impact, poverty, or other serious threats for reasons of race, religion, or nationality, many people had been forced to leave their home country and move to another country for their own safety. These people are called asylum seekers (Amnesty International, n.d.). Given the fact that their rights are preferred and protected under international law, such as a protection from being sent back against their will to their country of origin where the chaos happening, an access to employment as well as education, and not to be discriminated, they enter certain country with the aim of getting international protection as a refugee. In order for their claim to be accepted and their status to be determined by the national government or the international agency such as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), they need to meet certain requirements, such as they must have a valid visa, both types of tourist visa or student visa to apply for a refugee visa, as well as health standards (International Justice Resource Center, n.d.). Australia itself has an international obligation on refugees and asylum seekers that continued to arrive with total number that keeps growing from year to year. Australian Human Rights Commission (n.d.) states that under the Refugee Convention, Australia agreed to assist all the asylum seeker and refugee that come to it’s Department ofShow MoreRelatedThe United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesIn accordance with data from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) there are approximately 59.5 million displaced people globally as a result of conflict, violence, environmental degradation and human rights violations. Of these, approximately 19.5 million are classified as an asylum seeker or refugee collectively. Refugees are people who are unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religionRead MoreThe United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees1338 Words   |  6 PagesThe United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Emphasizing that States have the primary responsibility to provide protection and assistance to internally displaced persons within their jurisdiction in appropriate cooperation with the international community, Recognizing the principle of non-refoulement as established through the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol and that all refugees are afforded the right to housing and resettlement, ReiteratingRead MoreThe United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees2791 Words   |  12 Pagesamong refugees in the United States Introduction The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) definition of a refugee is an individual who is unable to go back to his/her country of origin because of fear of being prosecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political views.1 It is estimated by the end of 2013, there were a total of 16.7 million refugees in the world 2. The United States resettles the greatest amount of refugees andRead MoreUnited Nations High Commissioner For Refugees2020 Words   |  9 Pagesbecome precarious and heightens the subject for every country. Refugees mean those people who fleeing conflict or persecution. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has recurrently stated that refugees are defined and protected in international law and must not be expelled or returned to situations where their life and freedom are at risk. According to UNHCR, (2016, January report) there are more than 21.3 million refugees throughout the world . However, currently, this number has beenRead MoreThe Refugee Journey - The United Nations High Commissioner Refugees Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pages The United Nations High Commissioner Refugees (UNHCR) is an international organization that works to protect and assist refugees anywhere in the world, by providing shelter, health, safeguarding individuals, assessing global needs and advocating for those population (UNHCR, 2016). In fact, the 5 groups the UNHCR helps are refugees in Eastern of Turkey, The diaspora from Africa, refugees in South America, refugees in Middle East and refugees from Syria (Salopek, 2015). Generally, refugees are thoseRead MoreRefugee Camps And The United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees Essay1752 Words   |  8 Pagesincluding modern-day occurrences, the conflict between environmental and humanitarian issues are vouchsafed to be unimportant. Per the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees is tasked with addressing the environmental effects and impacts on refugees, and states that the most significant problems from refugees [and camps] inc lude â€Å"deforestation, soil erosions and depletion and pollution of water resources† (UNHCR Social). Yet, after numerousRead MoreRefugees From The United States969 Words   |  4 PagesRefugees in the United States go through the struggles of not being able to communicate in an effective way because of the language barrier. This barrier makes it harder on them to be able to get a job, attend school and success academically. This also gives them the feeling of being the â€Å"others,† as well as a loss of their dignity and culture. Although, refugees go through steps to be able to find a place, where they can call home, but their struggles is what holding them from having a good lifeRead MoreRefugees Of The Un Refugee Agency1526 Words   |  7 PagesRefugees. There are a large number of them, but what does that mean? Well, according to US Citizen and Immigration Services, refugees are, â€Å"people who have been persecuted or fear they will be persecuted on acc ount of race, religion, nationality, and/or membership in a particular social group or political opinion.† (USCIS, 2015) In other words, they are pushed out of their country for fear of their lives. This then creates the issue of where they end up. According to the UN Refugee Agency, thereRead MoreThe Somalian Refugee Crisis Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees announced, â€Å"Somalias drought and refugee crisis is the most severe humanitarian emergency in the world, (UNHCR, 2011). Although estimates vary, about 800,000 people have left Somalia seeking asylum. Most now reside in refugee camps in bordering Kenya and Ethiopia. Many trek for days with little or food to seek safety and assistance in refugee camps only to find conditions that are no better. Host nations and humanitarian organizations cannot supportRead MoreCollege1173 Words   |  5 Pageslegal assistance ï‚ · Contact details for Legal Aid and community legal centres ï‚ · Contact details for independent monitoring bodies including the Australian Human Rights Commission, the Commonwealth Ombudsman and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ï‚ · Access to interpreters, communication facilities and interview rooms to allow them to make effective and private contact with independent monitoring bodies and/or legal advisers, as well as, information about their ability

Processing - Structure and Interpretation

Question: Discuss about the Processing, Structure and Interpretation. Answer: Introduction: One of the most popular folk tales of the Middle East, Aladdin is still regarded as the best-known stories of The Arabian Nights. The story of Aladdin narrates the life of the son of a poor tailor, Mustapha, who fell prey to the mischief of a money-grubbing and acquisitive sorcerer who tempted and later compelled Aladdin to go down a cave in search of treasured wealth. Although the sorcerer tried his best to persuade Aladdin to go inside a dark cave, so as to fetch him a magical oil lamp, he ends up offering Aladdin a magic ring (Gordon and Jubin 2015). To Aladdins greatest astonishment, this ring could produce a wish-fulfilling genie on being vigorously rubbed. Subsequently, he also discovers the magical lamp, and owing to the genies of the lamp and the ring, Aladdin manages to earn much wealth for himself and his family, and gets happily married to the Princess Badroulbadour. The remaining part of the story narrates the adventure of Aladdin as he seeks to protect his genie from the attack of the sorcerer and later his brother. Aladdin is one of the most eminent tales of The Arabian Nights, which has enjoyed an unprecedented popularity among the children over the past decades. However, recent critics and scholars have tried to interpret the simple story in the light of a variety of critical theories and perspectives, some of which has been discussed here (Tuttle et al. 2015). Aladdin is more than a fairy tale, as the very opening lines of the story reflect a stark reality of life. The story holds a picture of grim inequality of classes and social differences, whereby in the city of Agrabah, some maidens are seen to be draped in jewels and gauze, while other people are found starving in the realm of crime and poverty. Although as the story opens, Aladdins benevolence is found to transcend class differences, by the ends of the story, his ideals of democracy and social contract seems to override his lust for wealth. At the end of the story, Aladdin is found enjoying his prosperity all for himself and his famil y. Besides, the feminist reading of the text has also provided an interesting perspective of the story, that helps the reader delve deeper into the true meaning of the story. Although a highly progressive woman, Jasmine is being over sexualized. Despite being feisty, she ends up being an ineffectual woman, who does nothing more than assuming a docile role throughput the story, refusing to participate in the adventure of Aladdin. Jasmine is refused to be granted the status of an independent woman, as she fails to exercise power over her own life. She is being compelled to marry a Prince against her own will, and she is being continually subject to the authority and even oppression of men, like her father and Jafar (Coyne 2014). She barely succeeds to resist, and to escape the problem, she ends up objectifying herself before Jafar. Besides, it is needless to state here that patriarchy dominates this fantasy tale throughout all the chapters, and even Aladdin himself is being granted agency by the father figures, such as the actual father, the sorcerer and the genie who play a crucial role in determining the fate of Aladdin, and the course of action of the tale. However, one of the most interesting interpretations of the tale can be the fact that Aladdin, as a character symbolically represents the true self of each living individual, who is often lost and misled in the realm of false selves. The supposed uncle can symbolically represent a false self, that misleads and misguides Aladdin, and tempts him to go inside the cave in search of the treasured oil lamp. Again, the psychological interpretation of the tale can be equally interesting, as Aladdin as a character can be seen as the symbolic representation of the conscious mind. On the other hand, the genie can be interpreted as the symbolic representation of the subconscious mind (Rahayu et al. 2015). The origin of each thought or course of action of an individual is the subconscious mind that can only help in actualizing the desires of a human being. Similarly, it is the genie which can help Aladdin in the realization of his dream, and is capable of moving the world, and translating his wis hes into reality. Besides, the subconscious mind is itself influenced by the presence of a dominant wish, and here the dominant wish is the wish of rubbing the genie (Martins et al. 2016). The idioms of any language form an important part of that language, as these idioms help in illuminating the depth of the language. One of the most popular idioms used in Myanmar is Its raining cats and dogs, which literally means that it is raining a lot, and the idiom is being used especially during the monsoon seasons to refer to the rainy weather. Again, another idiom that is also being used in Myanmar language is there is a snake in the grass, which is being used to imply the occurrence of an abnormal thing. This idiom is being used usually, when something occurs, that cannot be considered to be normal, and there is something fishy, suspicious or eerie about it (Cacciari and Tabossi 2014). The third popular idiom used in the Myanmar language is take the bread out of somebodys mouth, that literally means depriving someone of earning livelihood for his family, by one mean or the other. To bite off more than you can chew is also a very commonly used idiom, popular in Myanmar. The i diom literally means a situation where an individual tries to do something that exceeds his capability. The last most important idiom that is also being used in Myanmar is the lights are on, but nobody is at home, which means a scenario where none is paying any kind of heed to an individual. The tendency of the writer to employ the use of unnecessary words and phrases in the writing is referred to as the redundancy in writings. Redundancy as a feature, characterizing the writings, often deteriorates the quality of writing, by making the writing seem longer, and the content irrelevant. A writer usually incorporates the quality of redundancy in his writings, as he may be willing to increase his word count, by using additional words, the omission of which would not affect the content in any way (Bennui 2016). Besides, a common reason of using the redundant style of writing is that it may help the writer describe the scenario in a more vivid and elaborate fashion. Besides, redundancy is often used for emphasizing a fact. The writer should minimize the use of redundancy in his writing, as it renders a superfluous style to the writing, no matter how much interesting the content is. The five examples of redundancy are being stated below: Actual fact- A fact is essentially a bit of information that is actual, and is based on real facts, and hence the use of actual is redundant. Past history- There is no point in referring the historical time as past Plan ahead- As an when an individual is planning, he s planning for the time ahead, and hence the word ahead is redundant Unexpected surprise- A surprise is always unexpected, and hence it is a surprise Unintentional mistake- A mistake committed is always unintentional. An attention grabbing news doing the rounds in Singapore is that a recent caf has been set up in the country, which is themed on the story of Harry Potter. Inspired by the fantasy tale, the Platform 1094 Caf, intends to conjure the magical, spell-bound world of Hogwarts, and hence the caf has a wooden interior that will certainly create an eerie feel in the mind of the customer. Besides, what is even more interesting is that the food items offered by the caf are also named keeping in mind the craze of the novel series, and thus the caf served items like a cocktail, named Goblet of Fire. The topic sentence of the news article is the set up of the Harry Potter themed caf in Singapore. The main point here is that for the first time, a caf is being set up the interior as well as the food menu of which is inspired by the Hogwarts. The first supporting point here is that the caf tries to conjure a magical atmosphere by creating a wooden and brick interior, and the second supporting sentence is that it serves food items such as Goblet of Fire, for the same. Paraphrasing is defined as the act of expressing the same content, by employing the use of a different style, vocabulary and expression. The literary text as well as the paraphrased text are being used for expressing the same meaning, though the two barely resemble in the style or vocabulary. Paragraph to be paraphrased: The best way to manage your stress is to learn healthycoping strategies. You can start practicing these tips right away. Try one or two until you find a few that work for you. Practice these techniques until they become habits you turn to when you feel stress. You can also use these strategiesto see how you respond to stress. Stress-relief techniques focus on relaxing your mind and your body. In order to cope with stress related issues, one should learn the different coping strategies. The coping strategies can be daily practiced to get rid of the stress. A couple of strategies can be used for relaxing the body. These techniques should be learnt so that these can be used during the period of personal or professional stress. These strategies will help you understand how you should respond to stressful situations. The stress coping techniques help in relieving the mind as well as the body of the stress. For helping a friend learn foreign words, he has been so far unaware of I will primarily recommend a dictionary. A good dictionary will help the friend comprehend the possible meanings of the unknown words easily. Besides, I will also ask him to note down the meanings of these words in his diary, which he can refer to, as and when he forgets the meanings. Besides, I will also ask him to use the word parts, such as the prefixes and the suffixes, to understand the meaning of the words in an elaborate way. Besides, the context clues can also be used for confirming the meaning of the unknown word or phrase. Reference List: Bennui, P., 2016. A study of L1 intereference in the writing of Thai EFL students.Malaysian Journal of ELT Research,4(1), p.31. Cacciari, C. and Tabossi, P., 2014.Idioms: Processing, structure, and interpretation. Psychology Press. Coyne, J.D., 2014. Aladdin in a Colonic Crypt.International journal of surgical pathology, p.1066896914526780. Gordon, R. and Jubin, O., 2015. Telling the tale: Adaptation as interpretation.Studies in Musical Theatre,9(1), pp.3-11. Martins, J.A., Nascimento, M.M. and Estrada, A., 2016. The wonderful lamp of Aladdin? Project work in engineering courses. Rahayu, M., Abdullah, I. and Udasmoro, W., 2015. ALADDIN From Arabian Nights To Disney: The Change Of Discourse And Ideology.LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra,10(1), pp.24-34. Rahayu, M., Abdullah, I. and Udasmoro, W., 2015. ALADDIN from arabian nights to disney: the change of discourse and ideology.Lingua: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra,10(1), pp.24-34. Tuttle, B.T., Anderson, S., Elvidge, C., Ghosh, T., Baugh, K. and Sutton, P., 2014. Aladdins Magic Lamp: Active Target Calibration of the DMSP OLS.Remote Sensing,6(12), pp.12708-12722.

The Perks of Getting a College Degree free essay sample

In all my years, I’ve never needed any sort of perk or reward to do the work given to me. Of course, like any human, when offered one, I didn’t turn it down. Even without it, I did my best. I can’t think of anything more thrilling to me than seeing a finished product that I have created and can be proud. If offered one hundred million dollars if I got my collegedegree, it would motivate me not for my own personal gain, rather for the gain of the ones I love. I would go to the college of my choice, study all the things that I’m interested in and love to do. I would not be in any rush to finish my 4 years of learning. My boyfriend and I will be sharing an apartment as we attend the same school. I will hold a part time job, as will he, so that we can pay for our shared expenses, such as food, utilities, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on The Perks of Getting a College Degree or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We will use the extra money that we have left over to save for a house later or buy any things we have been wanting. I plan on majoring in computer sciences, getting my bachelors in this subject, then minoring in in voice acting. Eve with the money offered to me, I will still apply to the corporation that inspired me to follow those fields; Riot Games. I will save most of the money that I won with the lottery in a trust fund for my children, if I ever decide to say any. The rest I can use to buy a huge house for us to live in or I will use it pay back my parents for college expenses that they so generously helped me with. This house will be complete with butlers, nice furniture, a pool and anything else you could possibly wish for. F. Scott Fitzgerald once said, â€Å"There are all kinds of love in this world but never the same love twice.† The love for my own success and ability to follow my dreams is one those loves and if I am wavered, then I may never be able to find a passion like that again. I am here to tell you that, contrary to how most people would just mess around in college and just barely get their degree and fall back on that money, I will use my college experience for it’s purpose and use the money for good and for the benefits of the ones I love and myself.

Dragonflies, Suborder Anisoptera

Dragonflies, Suborder Anisoptera All dragonflies belong to the order Odonata, as do their close cousins, the damselflies. Because there are distinct differences between dragonflies and damselflies, taxonomists divide the order into two suborders. The suborder Anisoptera includes only the dragonflies. Description: So what makes a dragonfly a dragonfly, as opposed to a damselfly? Lets start with the eyes. In the dragonflies, the eyes are quite large, so large in fact they make up the bulk of the head. The eyes often meet at the top of the head, or come close to it. Next, look at the dragonflys body. Dragonflies tend to be stocky. When resting, a dragonfly holds its wings open horizontally. The hind wings appear broader at their bases than the fore wings. Male dragonflies will typically have a single pair of cerci at their hind ends, as well as a single appendage projecting from the underside of the tenth abdominal segment (called an epiproct). Female dragonflies often bear vestigial or nonfunctional ovipositors. Dragonfly nymphs (sometimes called larvae, or naiads) are entirely aquatic. Like their parents, larval dragonflies generally have stocky bodies. They breathe through gills located in their rectums (theres an interesting bit of insect trivia for you), and can propel themselves forward by expelling water from the anus. They also bear five short, spiky appendages at the hind end, giving the nymph a rather pointed appearance. Classification: Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum – ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – OdonataSuborder - Anisoptera Diet: All dragonflies are predaceous throughout their life cycles. Adult dragonflies hunt other insects, including smaller dragonflies and damselflies. Some dragonflies capture prey in flight, while others will glean meals from vegetation. Naiads eat other aquatic insects, and will also catch and consume tadpoles and small fish. Life Cycle: Dragonflies undergo simple, or incomplete, metamorphosis, with just three stages to the life cycle: egg, larva or nymph, and adult. Mating in dragonflies is a fairly acrobatic achievement, and which sometimes begins with the male scooping out his competitors sperm and flinging it aside. Once mated, the female dragonfly deposits her eggs in or near the water. Depending on the species, the eggs may take anywhere from a few days to over a month to hatch. Some species overwinter as eggs, delaying the start of the larval stage until the following spring. The aquatic nymphs will molt and grow repeatedly, a dozen times or more. In the tropics, this stage may last only a month. In temperate areas, the larval stage can be considerably longer, and even last for several years. When the adult is ready to emerge, the larva climbs out of the water and fixes itself to a stem or other substrate. It sheds its exoskeleton one final time, and the adult emerges, looking pale and delicate in its teneral stage. The castoff skin that usually remains affixed to the substrate is called the exuvia. Special Adaptations and Behaviors: Dragonflies operate each of their four wings independently, which enables them to perform sophisticated aerial moves. Observe dragonflies patrolling around a pond, and youll see that they can take off vertically, hover, and even fly backwards. The dragonflys large, compound eyes each consist of about 30,000 individual lenses (called ommatidia). Most of their brainpower goes to processing visual information. A dragonflys range of vision is nearly a full 360Â °; the only place it cant see well is directly behind it. With such keen eyesight and skillful maneuverability in the air, dragonflies can be tricky to catch – just ask anyone who has ever tried to net one! Families in the Suborder Anisoptera: Petaluridae – petaltails, graybacks Gomphidae – clubtails Aeshnidae – darners Cordulegastridae – spiketails, biddies Corduliidae – cruisers, emeralds, green-eyed skimmers Libellulidae – skimmers Range and Distribution: Dragonflies live throughout the world, wherever aquatic habitats exist to support their life cycle. Members of the suborder Anisoptera number roughly 2,800 worldwide, with over 75% of these species living in the tropics. About 300 species of true dragonflies inhabit the U.S. mainland and Canada. Sources: Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. JohnsonSuborder Anisoptera - Dragonflies, BugGuide.Net, accessed November 23, 2012Anisoptera, University of Wisconsin BioWeb, accessed November 23, 2012Dragonflies and Damselflies, Odonata, University of Florida, accessed November 23, 2012Dragonflies and Damselflies of the West, by Dennis Paulson

Covey essays

Covey essays The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People Dr. Stephen R. Covey published a book that was all the rage a few years ago. His book The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People outline seven traits found in all effective people. In order to see these habits one must undergo a paradigm shift, which is seeing through the eyes of others. A perfect example of a paradigm shift is the story of a subway ride. Covey told the lecture group to Picture yourself on a quiet subway ride home. Everyone is quiet there are several people sleeping while others are reading. At the next stop a man gets on with some children. The children are very disruptive throwing things running into people, just kids behaving rottenly. You turn and say to the man your children are being disruptive maybe you could do something to control them. Then the man turns and says we just came from the hospital their mother just died and I guess they dont know how to handle it, neither do I. and right away you feel bad for the man. Most people would want to know what they could do to help. In order to improve on the seven habits one must undergo a paradigm shift. When you first look at the title you might ask what is meant by effective? Well Covey defines by using the P/PC balance. The PC in this fraction stands for production capability of something that one desires while P stands for what is actually produced. In order for one to be effective one must be very mature, and develop. People develop from dependence, to independence, and finally to interdependence. Also one can ask what exactly is a habit? A habit is a principle that is internalized where attitude, knowledge, and skill overlap. Covey said that all the literature dealt with character ethics or personality ethics separately. Coveys theory deals with both types of ethics at the same time. He uses the iceberg analogy to describe the relation between c...

Public International Law (Extradition) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Public International Law (Extradition) - Essay Example Public international law derives its rights from international agreements and may take any form that the contracting parties agree upon. Agreements may be made in respect to any matter except to the extent that the agreement conflicts with the rules of international law incorporating basic standards of international conduct or the obligations of a member state under the 'Charter of the United Nations(" We the Peoples of the United Nations... United for a Better World", UN Charter 1945) In this context, a brief discussion on the Vienna Convention on the law of treaties, 1969 seems to be relevant. The VCLT (Vienna Convention on law of Treaties )was drafted by the International Law Commission (ILC) of the United Nations, which began work on the Convention in 1949 and finished in 1969 with a diplomatic conference held by the UN in Vienna, Austria. The Convention was adopted on May 22, 1969.The Convention entered into force on January 27, 1980. 108 states have ratified the VCLT (May, 2007). The 1969 Vienna Convention defines a treaty as "an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation". To recognize the ever-increasing importance of treaties as a source of international law and as a means of developing peaceful cooperation among nations, whatever their constitutional and social systems, To Note the principles of free consent and of good faith and the pacta sunt servanda rule are universally recognized, To affirm that disputes concerning treaties, like other international disputes, should be settled by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, To recall the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties can be maintained, To have in mind the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations, such as the principles of the equal rights and self-determination of peoples, of the sovereign equality and To recognize and respect independence of all States, of non-interference in the domestic affairs of States, of the prohibition of the threat or use of force and of universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, Believing that the codification and progressive development of the law of treaties achieved in the present Convention will promote the purposes of the United Nations set forth in the Charter, namely, the maintenance of international peace and security, the development of friendly relations and the achievement of cooperation among nations, To affirm the rules of customary international law will continue to govern questions not regulated by the provisions of the present Convention, Extradition Treaties: Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal. Between nation states, extradition is regulated by treaties. Between sub-national

Interview Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interview Questions - Essay Example I would be looking into valid reasons and even pry on the previous academic records. If previous records indicate that the standard GPA was met (which I assume it was since the student is already a sophomore student and would not have been admitted to the course due to the minimum admission criterion), I would determine the reasons for the apparent decline. Could there be stressful and challenging external factors that could have contributed to the decline other than failure to study or deliberate non- submission of academic requirements? If there are, I would seek the student to submit proof of circumstances that might have contributed to the lack of focus on educational pursuit. Likewise, I would like to know if the student is determined and committed to graduate from the course. If not, I would immediately advise that the student be taken out from the program. If, there is evidence that the student tried hard to attain the standard GPA, but mitigating circumstances that could not have been avoided, I could give the student another chance – provided that the standard GPA would be met next semester. Finally, I would determine what strategies were planned by the student to improve the academic performance in the coming semesters. 2. What role does technology and social media (such as Facebook, instant messaging, video conferencing, blogging, Twitter, podcasts, etc.) have in the adviser/student relationship? How do they help? How do they hinder? In contemporary generation’s academic pursuit, the role that technology and social media plays in the adviser/student relationship is crucial and significant. One strongly believes that both students and educators maintain registered accounts with social networking sites that could be utilized to exchange information, relay academic messages, and be used as a medium for enhancing much needed information, as required from the course. As proven from the research conducted by Lin (2011) and published in the Jo urnal of Online Learning and Teaching, the findings revealed that â€Å"integration of online activities into traditional teacher education courses can shift some of the power, authority, and control from the instructor to the learner while providing the interaction and connection that are central and valuable to traditional classrooms† (p. 99). Thus, technological applications and social media help in fostering a more conducive learning environment by encouraging active interaction and participation of course modules. As emphasized, â€Å"it used technology to increase interaction among students, increase engagement in learning and established a learning community outside of the classroom, while allowing individual contributions to be identified and evaluated† (Lin, 2011, p. 106). On the other hand, these networking sites could also hinder effective academic performance if the adviser or educator fails to provide a more vigilance and pro-active oversight to govern and validate student’s performance. This simply means that educators must have ways and means to discern that it is the students themselves who responded to the required academic requirements. 3. The media landscape is evolving. How do you approach advising a current student to prepare for a job market that is ever changing? As the media landscape was acknowledged to be continually evolving, students who prepare to hunt for job opportunities must exercise

Ernest Hemingways novels Essay Example for Free

Ernest Hemingways novels Essay Ernest Hemingway is an author well known for the common themes in his novels. In his style of writing, Hemingway is able to express the themes of the novel through strong character traits and actions. The common themes in Hemingways novel The Sun Also and A Farewell to Arms are death and loss. The characters in these novels, and many of Hemingways other novels, can relate to these themes. The novels The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms share many similarities. These of course include the themes of death and loss. The common themes are supported by the war setting in A Farewell to Arms and the post-war setting in The Sun Also Rises. Both novels take place in Europe approximately in the 1920s. Jake Barnes is the main character of The Sun Also Rises and he is struggling through life after having experienced some trauma during the war. Frederic Henry, the protagonist of A Farewell to Arms must make the choice of staying in the army or abandoning his fellow troops to be with his girlfriend. Both novels explore the hardships of love, war, and death.The wound, the break from society, and the code are subjects of Hemingways work (Young 6). These three events are critical in Hemingways novels The Sun Also and A Farewell to Arms. The Wound represents just that, a wound. It can be a physical, mental, or an emotional wound always occurring in the storys protagonist. This relates to the theme of loss because the characters wound is always a loss they suffer. The loss can be physical, for example if the character is injured and loses a body part (which is common in the war settings Hemingway typically uses). The loss can also be emotional, for example if the main character loses a loved one and becomes depressed. In The Sun Also Rises, Jake has been injured in the war and feels like less of a man because he is physically unable to make love to a woman (Magnum 4). This injury leaves Jake psychologically and morally lost. In A Farewell to Arms the main character, Frederic Henry, is wounded in his leg while serving in the war as an ambulance driver in Italy. Jake and Frederics mental and emotional conditions lead to the next part of the Hemingway code; the break from society. The break from society is the next key element in Hemingways work. This disassociation with society is a result of the main characters injury or loss. The character will separate himself from society to cope with his loss. Jakes life has become empty and he fills his time with drinking and dancing. Jake enjoys his life by learning to get your moneys worth and knowing when you had it. (Magnum 4) Another break from society is shown in the story Big Two- Hearted River by Hemingway. The main character, Nick Adams, has experienced a loss. Death has occurred; not literal human death, but death of the land (Magnum 3) which has been destroyed by fire. The fire has consumed and burned all the vegetation surrounding the home where Nick grew up. Nick suffers from the shock of the devastation to the land. He had recalled so many boyhood memories of hunting and fishing on the land where he grew up. Nick goes back into the wilderness on his own to get away form the pain he has suffered. A break from society is a key aspect in Hemingways work that adds to the common themes among his novels. The wound and the break from society lead up to the last key element, the Hemingway Code (Young 8). The code is what Hemingway uses in his novels to show how the character is dealing with the wound and the break from society. For example, in The Sun Also Rises, Jake is dealing with his loss by going out and spending his money on drinks and dancing because this is the only way he can enjoy himself. He cannot fall in love so this is what he does instead to fill the missing gap in his life. He also gets his moneys worth by sending pointless short telegrams to his friends, symbolizing his careless nature. A Farewell to Arms contains another example of the code. Frederic is searching for meaning in life while he is surrounded by death during the war. He chooses not to fill his life with religion or pleasure because these things are meaningless to him. Instead Frederic abandons the Italian Army to be with his girlfriend Catherine, whom he plans to marry. Loving Catherine is the only way Frederic can bring happiness to his life after facing the hardships of war. The subjects of Hemingways work in A Farewell to Arms and The Sun Also Rises are similar, and can relate to the main themes of other works by Hemingway. The themes of death and loss apply to the characters of these  novels. Death occurs often during the wars which take place in both novels. Jake was wounded in a war, and Frederic is currently fighting in a war. Both have suffered a psychological loss which leaves them struggling to bring meaning to their lives. In Big Two Hearted River Nick suffers from the loss of the land. Hemingway has created all of these characters to show weaknesses which result from their losses. That is why each character suffers from the loss they experience. Like Jake, Frederic Henry is wounded in the war and falls in love with a woman.(Magnum 6). These characters suffer losses from the war and soon suffer losses in love. We could have had such a damned good time together, (Hemingway 115) Lady Ashley states after accepting that Jake will never be able to love her. Like Jake, Frederic loses his lover, The arms to which Frederic must finally say farewell are those of Catherine, who dies in childbirth ( Magnum 7) The major differences in the novels The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms do not occur in the themes of the novels but instead the characters personalities and actions. For example Jake is considered the lost and hopeless character. He spends his time out and about with his friends touring the countryside, drinking, dancing and having a good time. He has lost all his morals and goes about freely without a care in the world. Hemingway had created Frederic as the complete opposite of Jake. He takes a stand for what he believes in and does what he thinks is right. Frederic is faced with, and overcomes, tough decisions during desperate war-filled times. Unlike Jake, he is rational and thinks out his decisions. Although theses characters have opposing personalities they will both encounter the same problem throughout the novels. Both Jake and Frederic experience hardships and internal conflict in The Sun Also and A Farewell to Arms. Jake is in conflict with himself over the love of a woman named Lady Brett Ashley. This is the woman Jake wants to fall in love with but he knows this will never be possible because of his war wound. Jake gives up his hope of finding love by introducing Lady Brett to one of his friends who she falls in love with and plans to marry. The marriage is broken off when a fight breaks out which is caused by Lady Bretts desire to be romantic with several other men. The novel ends right where it began,  with Brett and Jake trapped in hopeless love for each other, (Nagel 108). Frederics internal conflict is similar to that of Jakes. He is lost and confused over the love for his girlfriend, Catherine and his service in the military. After learning Catherine has become pregnant and his troops abandon him, Frederic makes the decision to desert the army and follow his heart. Frederic suffers from the most pain when Catherine dies giving birth. He realized that the love he shared, to try and bring meaning to his life, causes him even more pain when Catherine dies. The internal conflict of both Jake and Frederic leave them faced with tough decisions which affect the way they live ad love. Hemingway has used the character relationship of love and a setting with an atmosphere of war to build on his major themes. The characters were wounded in the war and suffer from the loss of loved ones. Death is used figuratively to describe the emotions and morality of Hemingways characters. Hemingways themes of death and loss are seen through his character portrayal in his novels. Work Cited Coleman, Janice. Ernest Hemingway The World Book Encyclopedia. Hartford, CT: Paddon Publishing, 1992. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell To Arms. New York, NY: Charles Scribners Sons, 1929. Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York, NY: Charles Scribners Sons, 1926. Magnum, Bryant. Introduction to the Novels of Ernest Hemingway Critical Survey Of Long Fiction. Salem Press Inc. 2000. Nagel, James. Ernest Hemingway. Dictionary of Literary Biography: Volume 9. New York: Gale Research Company, 1981. Stanton, William. 20th Century Novelists. Sacramento, CA: Bantum Books, 1984. Young, Phillip. Ernest Hemingway American Writers: A Collection of Literary Biographies. Volume II. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1974

Danny Santiagos Famous All Over Town :: Famous All Over Town

Danny Santiago's Famous All Over Town  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      When I was little I remember driving across country, going to Florida, and past neighborhoods that were anything but mine. They had old houses that looked like they were going to fall down any minute, real trashy looking. In Colorado, my house was nice and always kept up. I sat in the car wondering what kind of people lived in those run down places and what they were like. The answers came to me years later when I read the book, Famous All Over Town, by Danny Santiago. The main character, Chato, is a young Hispanic boy living in a neighborhood like the ones I saw when I was little. After reading the book, although I never thought I would have anything in common with people who lived like that, I learned that Chato and I have do have similarities, but we have more differences. There aren't very many similarities between Chato and I, but there is one, and it's a big one. We both have families that love us. Lena, Chato's sister takes care of him after he gets home from the hospital. Then he begins to think about his family and how glad he is to be home. "Lena loved me, my mom loved me, and my father loved me, it seemed" (45). All of Chato's family loves him and he loves being with them. In my house, you would find the same kind of environment and I can relate to some of Chato's family life. However, Chato's family is not always nice to him. His family has many problems, such as everyone keeping secrets from each other and everyone lieing to each other. For example, Chato's father is having an affair and everyone knows about it, but they all keep it from Chato. When he finds out he is very mad at himself and things he is dumb for not knowing, while everyone else does. "She knew, they knew, the whole damn town knew, except only dumb, stupid me" (l46). In my fa mily, however, everyone is honest and you would never see anyone keeping something that important from the others. Another example of how Chato's family is different, is shown when Chato is having a bellyache and his father things that he is faking it. He tells him, "Shut-up, crybaby-coward" (26). His father is not being very nice to him because he is sick.

Victor Frankenstein Or His Creature English Literature Essay

Frankenstein besides known as the â€Å" Modern Prometheus † a celebrated Gothic novel, foremost published in 1818 by Mary Shelley, born august 30th 1797 and married at 16 to the well known poet: Percy Bysshe Shelley, who published the verse form ; â€Å" Prometheus † in July 1816. A The novel is set around the cultural and historical events that took topographic point during the late 18th and early nineteenth century. Shelley was reflecting on the alterations that she had experienced in her ain life. At the clip Europe was traveling through great alteration: the industrial revolution, civil war, progresss in scientific discipline and doctrine ; a period known as the Romantic Movement. The fresh uses an embedded narrative manner ; it is narrated by three characters. A great adventurer Captain Robert Walton narrates the narrative through letters to his sister: Margaret Saville, who lives back in England. Victor Frankenstein a Swiss scientist who retells the events of his work, where he created a animal from lifeless organic structure parts and in conclusion, the animal, who so seeks retaliation from him after being abandoned and rejected by society. In this essay, I will be discoursing the different techniques that Shelley uses to construct up the reader ‘s understanding for the animal every bit good as understanding for Frankenstein.AMain Body:First, Shelley creates understanding for the animal throughout the fresh utilizing techniques such as linguistic communication, imagination and strategic repeat of the cardinal descriptions of its actions, which largely represent its agony. She shows the reader that the monster has good grounds to be pitied, by disregarding its offenses. A At the beginning of the 5th chapter, when the monster is being created Shelley describes the ambiance as â€Å" a drab dark † making understanding through the usage of â€Å" Hapless false belief † . This evokes different thoughts for the reader proposing that the animal may non be who Frankenstein is anticipating him to be. It is subsequently used in the 16th chapter to mirror the animal ‘s temper: â€Å" nature decayed around me and the Sun became heatless. â€Å" A Shelley uses metaphors: â€Å" conditions and Nature † to bode the coming events. The reader is made to believe that this is true, based on Frankenstein ‘s colored point of position: â€Å" I saw a dull yellow oculus of the animal unfastened † and â€Å" How can I depict my emotions at this calamity†¦ the wretch. Victor is so horrified at what he has created that he decides to run off from taking duty, he describes his work as a waste of â€Å" remainder † and â€Å" wellness † filled with such sorrows: â€Å" but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and dyspneic horror and disgust filled my bosom. † The usage of negative linguistic communication, gives an indicant to the reader that, the so called: â€Å" monster † is really really harmful and should be feared, but at the same clip creates sympathy for its Godhead as his dream has formed a incubus. A Additionally, in the ten percent chapter the reader is introduced to the character of the animal during its confrontation with Victor ; responding to the horror of what he has created he vilifies the monster stating: â€Å" Devil†¦ be gone despicable insect! Or instead stay, that I may tread you to dust! † A Here, although the reader can understand how Frankenstein feels, it is clear that his reaction is inappropriate ; after all he created the animal and should take duty for his actions. The animal bearing no maliciousness aforethought answers merely by saying: â€Å" I expected this response. † Deriving the readers sympathy through its presentation of composure, it shows that no affair how it has been treated by humanity it can still demo the better traits of humanity. A This is emphasised strongly in the undermentioned quotation mark: â€Å" All work forces hate the wretched ; how so, must I be hated, who am suffering beyond all living things! Yet you, my Godhead, detest and reject me, thy animal, to whom thou art edge by ties merely dissolvable by the obliteration of one of us. † Here the animal backs up his statement through the usage of authorization, demoing how confident he is and by saying: â€Å" You purpose to kill me. How daring you sport therefore with life? Make your responsibility towards me, and I will make mine towards you and the remainder of world. If you comply I will go forth them and you at peace ; but if you refuse, I will gorge the trap of decease, until it be satiated with the blood of your staying friends. † The animal is demoing the reader his intelligence by utilizing interesting but complex words: â€Å" oversupply † and â€Å" Maw † which besides creates understanding because it shows that has h ad to larn from his experiences as his Godhead ne'er bothered to learn him anything. Furthermore, understanding is created for the monster throughout chapters eleven to sixteen when the monster is re- stating his experiences to master. In these few chapters the reader gets an penetration of the enduring the animal has endured. The animal negotiations about being deserted by humanity, giving a glance of what has motivated his offenses: † I am an unfortunate and abandoned animal, I look around and I have no relation or friend upon Earth. These good-humored people to whom I go have ne'er seen me and cognize little of me. I am full of frights, for if I fail at that place, I am an castaway in the universe forever. â€Å" The usage of strong affectional linguistic communication emphasises the animal ‘s feelings, he longs to be accepted by humanity, but everyplace he goes no human being seems to understand him. The animal begins to gain this that humans do non understand him, so he turns to nature for comfort: â€Å" The desert mountains and drab glaciers are my safety†¦ these black skied I hail, for they are kinder to me than your fellow existences. If the battalion of world knew of my being, they would make as you do, and arm themselves to for my devastation. Shall I non so detest them who abhor me? I will maintain no footings with my enemies. I am suffering, and they shall portion my misery. † A Here the reader sees two sides to the monster, they start to see hate fury and choler which shows that the animal does hold feelings and has good grounds for perpetrating the offenses ; he has tried to derive society ‘s credence and has failed so the lone option in his point of position is to take â€Å" retaliation † . In chapter 13, the monster erupts with choler and self-pity, as he inquiries his being: â€Å" but where were my friends and dealingss? no male parent had watched my infant yearss, no female parent had blessed me with smilings and caresses. † The subjects of friendly relationship and loneliness represent the animals ‘ bosom desires making understanding ; he longs to be loved and accepted by his Godhead, like a female parent and male parent would make for their kid. In contrast to this, the animal seeks a comrade ; person that can understand and tie in with him: â€Å" ‘I am entirely and suffering: adult male will non tie in with me ; but one as deformed and atrocious as myself would non deny herself to me. My comrade must be of the same species and have the same defects. This being you must make. † Here the animal tries to maintain the peace between himself and Frankenstein by giving him an option between life and decease for both himself and his friends and household, demoing how considerate a being he is despite how Frankenstein has treated him. In chapter 20 four in Walton ‘s last missive, the recount of the monster ‘s words spoken over Victor ‘s organic structure: â€Å" I, the suffering and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on. † Although this quotation mark may arouse the thought of abortion for the monster, who is unwanted and abandoned by his Godhead, it besides the issue that Frankenstein ‘s decease was most evidently caused by the animals pick of actions. The reader may get down inquiry: â€Å" did master deserve to decease this manner? † Additionally, the reader besides Sympathises the animal ‘s Godhead â€Å" master Frankenstein † Through the usage of powerful affectional linguistic communication such as: ‘parched with horror ‘ , ‘shuddering and torment ‘ , ‘anguish ‘ , ‘the agonising enduring that I endured ‘ , ‘my ravings aˆÂ ¦ were atrocious ‘ , ‘the monster by whom I was tormented ‘ and ‘screamed aloud with torment and terror'.A The reader begins to understand that Frankenstein ‘s looks of choler and hatred towards the monster are down to his experience of mental and physical unwellness. A In off, like â€Å" Prometheus † master stole the thought of creative activity from God and used it for his ain unadvised intents and is now get downing to endure the effects. In chapter five, after master has created the animal the reader sympathises on the fact that Frankenstein ‘s dream has now vanished before him: â€Å" For this I had deprived myself of remainder and wellness. I had desired it with an ardor that far exceeded moderateness ; but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and dyspneic horror and disgust filled my bosom. † Victor starts to demo marks of hurt ; mentally and physically, he falls into unwellness directly after his creative activity, bespeaking to the reader that non merely has the state of affairs it destroyed his dream, but it has besides began to destruct his wellness. A Looking back at one of Walton ‘s letters: â€Å" two † , Mary foreshadows the state of affairs Walton is sing to that of Victor: â€Å" I have no friend, Margaret: when cubic decimeter am glowing with the enthusiasm of success, there will be none to take part my joy ; if I am assailed by letdown, no 1 will endeavor to prolong me in dejection. † Associating the two together, the reader is made to sympathize with master, based on the fact that he pushed away all his friends and household to concentrate on his work. Still sing nil, but horror and letdown master narrates: A † Mingled with this horror, I felt the resentment of letdown ; dreamns that had been my nutrient and pleasant remainder for so long a infinite were now become a snake pit to me ; and the alteration was so rapid, the overthrow so complete! † the usage of strong negative feelings shows the reader how despairing Frankenstein feels about get awaying his letdowns ; he merely wants to bury everything but the disappointment supports stalking him. The animal ‘s statement adds on to his hurt: â€Å" Fix! Your labors merely begin. Wrap yourself in pelts and supply nutrient, for we shall shortly come in upon a journey where your agonies will fulfill my everlasting hatred. † A Sympathy is created in this quotation mark, as the animal is given a powerful speaking voice that shows that Frankenstein has no say in the state of affairs, he is being treated as a slave: A â€Å" Slave, I before reasoned with you, but you have proven yourself unworthy of my superciliousness. Remember that I have power ; you believe yourself suffering, but I can do you so wretched that the visible radiation of twenty-four hours will be hateful to you. You are my Godhead, but I am your maestro ; obey! † A The usage of linguistic communication, the repeat of words such as, â€Å" wretched † and â€Å" suffering † show the reader that the tabular arraies have now turned and Frankenstein is left with nil. Last, in chapter 10, Frankenstein is so overwhelmed by his experience that he begins to reflect on the state of affairs, by oppugning the intent of his life in the undermentioned citation: â€Å" We rest ; a dream has power to toxicant slumber. We rise ; one wand'ring idea pollutes the twenty-four hours. We feel, conceive or ground ; laugh or weep, Embrace fond suffering, or project our attentions off ; It is the same: for, be it joy or grieve, The way of its going still is free. Man ‘s yesterday may never be like his morrow ; Naught may digest but mutableness! † This last citation suggests to the reader that, Frankenstein ‘s beginning of doing himself experience better is to speak about his issues even though he knows it would n't alter the fortunes he got himself into.Decision:In decision from what has been presented in this essay, it is rather clear that the writer has created a platform whereas understanding can be attributed to both characters ; Frankenstein and his animal. This is represented in Walton ‘s last missive, when he re-tells the animal ‘s words: â€Å" Still I desired love and family, and I was still spurned†¦ . the suffering and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on. † And: â€Å" I have devoted my Godhead, the choice specimen of all that is worthy of love. † Her usage of composing techniques, such as affectional linguistic communication captures the reader ‘s bosom to sympathize with both characters, which makes the terminal of the narrative more interesting and thought provoking. Personally, although I can sympathize with each character, my paramount feelings thin towards the animal. This is because the animal had no pick in being given life and so be abandoned by his Godhead.

Political Spectrum

The Political Spectrum is a term given to the different ideologies of political parties or organizations. The Young Men's Christian Association is one organization on the left side of the Spectrum. The YMCA provides after school programs for both children and adults. A right wing group is the John Birch Society which dedicates itself to restoring and preserving freedom under the United States Constitution. The Young Men's Christian Society (YMCA) was founded in London to improve the spiritual condition of young men engaged in the drapery and other trades during the 1800s. Today the YMCA appears in over 124 countries and help promotes a healthy, balanced lifestyle regardless of beliefs or gender. This year on, April 27 2007, Durham YMCA held an open house for their new Y-Knot Abilities Programs. This program offers children and youth with physical disabilities access to the YMCA programs. The Y-Knot creates an â€Å"Equal Playing Field† for disabled youth. The Y-Knot Abilities program shall run every Friday from 5:00 to 7:00 pm in the gymnasium. Through the years, the YMCA has setup the YMCA Strong Kids Fundraiser. The money raised helps provides, families YMCA memberships, Children and Youth a chance to go to camp, renovations on community YMCA's and the fees for training new employees. Their goal from the fundraiser is hope on providing children and families with the tool they need to succeed. The YMCA's goal to create a positive attitude both physically and mentally in the community is achieved through a balanced leadership style. The organization creates both fundraisers to decrease membership fees, improve community recreations and increase daily activities to achieve their goal. There is no force by the organization to the community in participating in fundraisers and activities. The John Birch Society (JBS) is a right wing organization established in Indiana in 1958 by a group of twelve â€Å"patriotic and public-spirited† men. The society opposes socialism, communism, Nazism, and fascism, and strongly agrees to a limited federal government under the Constitution of the United States. The JBS plans many campaigns to help preserve freedom for themselves and American families. A recent campaign was called the â€Å"Repeal NAFTA† campaign. Goals are to withdraw U.S. membership form in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The society has dedicated time in creating pamphlets and written articles to approve in the withdrawal of NAFTA. The JBS has also organized the â€Å"JBS Freedom Campaign†. The campaign was designed for all Americans who want to preserve their cherished lives of freedom for themselves and their family. Through this campaign they will have the opportunity to participate with other Americans to help defeat some of the biggest threats to their way of life. The campaign acts like umbrella against issues such as illegal immigration and the North American Union. The JBS goal to preserve freedom for themselves and American families is achieved through an authoritarian leadership style. The society sets campaigns against the government to set regulations or eliminate different acts such as Illegal Immigration and NAFTA. The group forces people to join through riots, publicity and the internet. The YMCA on the spectrum is located at 3 o'clock on the left side due to being a beneficial organization to many communities. YMCA holds programs, clubs, fundraisers and teams to help create a positive attitude physically and mentally in the attitude. The JBS society would be located between 9 o'clock and 10 o'clock along the right side. The JBS is a group against communism and socialism, which are mid. to high left wing characteristics. The society opposed the â€Å"Civil Rights Movement†, an act of equality between colored and whites. Both organizations are clearly opposites due to the way they achieve their beliefs and achieve them.

Essay on Gibbs Nursing Model on Reflection The WritePass Journal

Essay on Gibbs Nursing Model on Reflection Introduction Essay on Gibbs Nursing Model on Reflection ). The Gibbs (1988) model of reflection suggests that the process of reflection is systematic and follows a number of specific steps in order to be successful. This model of reflection is a type of formal reflection, which draws on research and puts forward a theory as to how most effectively put into practice to process of reflection. The process can be broken down into six key steps: Description: this step explores the context of the event and covers fine details such as who was present at the event, where it happened and what happened. Feelings: this step encourages the reflector to explore their thoughts and feelings at the time of the event. Evaluation: this step encourages the nurse to make their own judgement about the event and to consider what went well and what went less well about the event. Analysis: this step delves even deeper into reflection on the event and encourages the nurse to break the event down into smaller episodes in order to facilitate analysis. Conclusions: this step explores the potential alternatives that may be used to deal with the situation that is being reflected upon. Action Plan: this is the final step in the reflection process. The action plan is put into place in order to deal more effectively with the situation if or when it may arise again. The Royal College of Nursing (2012) believes the Gibbs (1988) model of reflection to be particularly superior because emphasises the role of emotions and acknowledges their importance in the reflection process. Nursing can often be an emotionally charged career, especially for nurses working in areas such as psychiatric health and palliative care. Therefore, reflection on these emotions and exploration of how to manage them and improve management of them in the future is of particular importance in the nursing profession.   Case Study Step One (Description) A young male patient aged 16 years came into the clinic around three days ago. He complained of low self-esteem and is feeling fed up and depressed because of pimples and spots on his face. The patient was worried that   Ã‚  girls would not be attracted to him because of the spots. The consultation took place with just myself present, no other nurses were in the room at the time of the appointment. The consultation lasted around half an hour, during which time myself and the patient discussed the history of his problems with his skin and the emotional distress that the spots were causing him. The patient disclosed that he had begun to get spots at around age 14 when he had started puberty and that it had begun to make him feel extremely self-conscious. The patient described the negative effect that the acne was having. For example, he has been bullied at school and is feeling apprehensive about starting sixth form in September because he believes that he will be the only sixth form er with spots. Based on the reasonably lengthy history of the acne, the presence of acne on the face and the negative emotional effect that the acne was having, a three month dosage of oxytetracycline was prescribed for the patient. Step Two (Feelings) During the consultation I had a number of feelings. Primarily I felt sympathy for the client because his situation reminded me of my own time as a teenager. I suffered from bad skin from the ages of 14 to about 20 and it severely affected my own self-esteem. In a review of the literature, Dunn, O’Neill and Feldman (2011) have found that patients suffering from acne are more at risk of depression and other psychological disorders. However, the review also found that acne treatment may lead to improvement of the psychological disorder that are so often co-morbid. This made me feel re-assured that prescribing oxytetracycline had been the right thing to do. My own experiences of acne also meant that I was able to relate well to the patient. I also felt some anger during the consultation. This anger was directed at the patient’s peers who had been cruel enough to taunt and tease the patient because of his acne. I also felt regret and guilt. I regretted not referring the pati ent onwards for emotional support and for not exploring the psychological impact of the acne in more detail. I also felt a sense of pride that this young man had the courage to come to the clinic by himself to seek help for his acne. I remembered how upsetting acne was as a teenager and I remembered that I would have been too embarrassed to have ever gone to a clinic or to have sought help from an adult. In turn, I also felt happiness. I felt happy that this young man had come to the clinic and I felt happy that I was able to help him. Step Three (Evaluation) On evaluation, the event was good in a number of ways. Firstly it added to my experience of dealing with young people and in dealing with the problems that are unique to this population of patients. I have not had many young patients during my nursing career and I welcome the opportunity to gain experience with this group. Furthermore, it re-affirmed my career choice as a nurse. During your career you always have doubts as to whether you have chosen the correct path. However, there are points in your career when you feel sure that you have made the right choice. However, there were also some negative elements. Firstly, the appointment was quite short and I am worried that this may have made the patient feel rushed and uncomfortable. After the consultation I did some research into the effects of acne in young people. Purvis et al. (2006) have found that young people with acne are at an increased risk of suicide and that attention must be paid to their mental health. In particular, the authors found that directly asking about suicidal thoughts should be encouraged during consultations with young people. This information only served to make me feel more anxious and I wished that I had bought this up with the patient. Step Four (Analysis) On reflection, being able to relate to the patient increased my ability to deal more effectively with the situation. I feel that the patient was able to open up more to me because he sensed my sympathy for him and his situation. Randall and Hill (2012) interviewed children aged between 11 and 14 years about what makes a ‘good’ nurse. It was found that the ability to connect to them was extremely important and so I think this is why the patient felt comfortable opening up to me. On reflection, I am also now convinced that the patient coming to see me was a very positive event. The patient could have chosen to go on suffering and could have chosen not to open up and talk about the problems his acne was causing. In a review of the literature, Gulliver, Griffiths and Christensen (2010) found that young people perceived embarrassment and stigma as barriers to accessing healthcare. Therefore, it could have been very easy for the patient to have avoided coming and seeking help. I felt a range of both positive and negative emotions during the consultation, and I think this re-affirmed for me that I enjoy nursing and enjoy helping others. It is important to genuinely care about patients and to provide them with the best care possible. This would be hard to do if you did not feel empathy for patients. The experience also helped me realise that I need to actively search out training and learning opportunities regarding working with young people with mental health issues. Step Five (Conclusion) If the same situation was to arise again I think that I would approach it in a slightly different way. In particular, I would have offered to refer the patient to further support services. During the consultation the patient mentioned that he felt that the spots on his face made him unattractive to the opposite sex. In addition to providing medication to get to the biological and physiological roots of the problem, on reflection I think it would have been beneficial to the patient to have provided information about charities that offer self-esteem and confidence building. Such charities that offer these services include Young Minds (youngminds.org.uk/) and Mind (mind.org.uk/). In retrospect, I also believe that I should have given the patient a longer consultation time in order for us to have explored the psychological impact of his acne in more detail. Coyne (2008) has found that young people are rarely involved in the decision-making process when it comes to their consultations. Th erefore, giving the patient more time to discuss his problems may have improved his sense of wellbeing as he felt more involved in his care process. Step Six (Action Plan) There are a number of elements to my action plan. Firstly, I will make sure that in the future the consultation room has leaflets and information pertaining to mental health problems in young people. This way, young people can access the information if they perhaps feel too embarrassed to talk about it. Hayter (2005) has found that young people accessing health clinics put a high value on a non-judgemental approach by health staff. Therefore, in future I would be sure to be aware of my attitude and make sure that either subconsciously or consciously; I am not making any judgements about the patient. Hayter (2005) also found that young people had serious concerns regarding confidentiality, especially during busy times at the clinic. Therefore, in the future I would be certain to reassure young people that their details and consultations are kept completely confidential. To re-assure young patients, I may ask them to sign a confidentiality form, which I will also sign in front of them. Furthermore, my action plan will include improving my knowledge and awareness of working with young people as a nursing professional. This will allow me to increase the tools and skills I have for dealing with young people with complex needs. During the consultation I felt anger toward the patient’s peers who had teased him. In the future, I will focus on being more objective when dealing with a patient who has been the victim of bullying. References Coyne, I. (2008) Children’s participation in consultations and decision-making at health service level: A review of the literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(11), pp. 1682-1689. Dunn, L.K., O’Neill, J.L. and Feldman, S.R. (2011) Acne in adolescents: Quality of life, self-esteem, mood and psychological disorders. Dermatology Online Journal, 17(1). Available at: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4hp8n68p [Accessed 20 October 2013]. Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by Doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford: Further Education Unit. Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K.M. and Christensen, H. (2010) Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1), pp. 113. Hayter, M. (2005) Reaching marginalised young people through sexual health nursing outreach clinics: Evaluating service use and the views of service users. Public Health Nursing, 22(4), pp. 339-346. Paget, T. (2001) Reflective practice and clinical outcomes: practitioner’s views on how reflective practice has influenced their clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10(2), pp. 204-214. Purvis, D., Robinson, E., Merry, S. and Watson, P. (2006) Acne, anxiety, depression and suicide in teenagers: A cross-sectional survey of New Zealand secondary school. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 42(12), pp. 793-796. Randall, D. and Hill, A. (2012) Consulting children and young people on what makes a good nurse. Nursing Children and Young People, 24(3), pp. 14. Royal College of Nursing (2012) An exploration of the challenges of maintaining basic human rights in practice. London: Royal College of Nursing.

Word Choice Explicit vs. Implicit - Proofeds Writing Tips

Word Choice Explicit vs. Implicit - Proofeds Writing Tips Word Choice: Explicit vs. Implicit Its always vital to make the correct word choice in an academic paper. In todays blog post, then, were going to explain the difference  between two regularly-confused words: explicit and implicit. Both of these terms describe the way in an idea is expressed, yet they are also opposites of one another. As such, it is very important to use them correctly! Read on below to find out how to avoid errors with these terms. Explicit (Fully and Clearly Expressed) Explicit means clear and unambiguous. For example, if someone has clearly and fully explained their position, you could say that: Jones views in this paper are explicit. This means that Jones views are clearly stated. Dont get confused with the other use of explicit, which indicates material of an adult nature! Implicit (Implied or Expressed Indirectly) Implicit means indirectly expressed. For example, if you read another paper by Jones and decided that some of her views were only implied rather than clearly stated, you could say: Jones current ideas were implicit in her earlier work, but not yet fully developed. Sometimes, implicit can also mean unquestioned or unreserved: My implicit trust in the news media means I am often misled by Rupert Murdoch. In both of these cases, the idea is that something remains unstated. Implicit or Explicit? The correct term to use in any given situation will depend on the context. If you are describing something that is clear and unambiguous, the word to use will be explicit. On the other hand, if youre describing something that is merely implied, rather than clearly and fully expressed, the correct term will be implicit. Remember: Get Your Paper Professionally Proofread If you are interested in having your paper proofread professionally, why not submit a 500-word sample to be proofread for free today?

Pathway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pathway - Essay Example ed on the study of Global and Cultural Environment of Business and how this is created a cross a level of study options that defines improved communication strategy in more than 100 operating firms globally. Accordingly therefore I was able to learn and conclusively gather knowledge in international business process that reflects improved performances which also feature Anderson and Neary, (1) and specific indicators that healthier work places are motivated by a universal link that is operationally rolled to increase productivity. Ideally, I learnt from Anderson, (2) that the relevance of global environment is identified through a well connected system that involves marketers, management and the global financial models. In order to develop this position, a number of stages are put into consideration. The attributes of these stages illustrate that a positive phenomenon would truly encourage need for change. As a consequence therefore, the effectiveness of the international trade factors as explored by Baldwin, (6) offer strategic market approaches that create a comprehensive consumer attraction. I also learnt that the marketing strategies provide an analytical platform necessary to set core the global market designs which help to enhance market competence and create an overhaul in brand management. My studies also focused on Bahrman, (4) and how his focus on the linking patterns of consumers are established by personal traits, reflecting the changing consumer behavior in an environment that value preferences, elegance and the global market . The theoretical assumptions of Anderson and Neary, (1) gave me a personalized illustration of purchase intentions reflected among consumers. The extensive international market development which formed a larger part of my study gives a positive convergence where the consumers make selections which reflect their personal intentions, and equally typic ally make specific advantageous product search. The global market characteristics

Stem Cell Legislation in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stem Cell Legislation in the US - Essay Example Since 1998, when the scientists in University of Wisconsin isolated cells for the first time from the inner cell mass of the early human embryo, called the blastocyst, and developed the first human embryonic stem cell lines, an enhanced research is being done to understand therapeutic potential of stem cells. Moreover, the interest of scientists is increasing in regenerative medicines so that the stem cell therapy can be brought to clinics. Research efforts have focused on spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and other diseases or conditions. Scientists hope to use specialized cells to replace dysfunctional cells in the brain, spinal cord, pancreas, and other organs. The stem cells are obtained from 2-8 days old embryo created by in vitro fertilization (IVF), 5-9 weeks old foetuses aborted by elective abortion, embryos created by IVF or somatic cell nuclear transfer for research purposes and from adult tissues like bone marrow. U sually the concern is over the removal of stem cells from early stage embryos, because the embryo is killed to extract these cells from their inner cell mass. These cells have the highest potential to give rise to any cell type than the adult stem cells. Prior to President Bush's stem cell announcement in 2001, federal law had prohibited HHS from funding human embryo research. No federal funds were given to support research on stem cells derived from human embryos. Research was done through private funding. Bush announced that federal funds would be available to support limited human embryonic stem cell research (HESC). A detailed history of 107 to 111 Congress House Bills and Senate Bills are summarized in the table below. Congress Bills Description 107 House 1. HR 2059-The Stem Cell Research Act, 2001 2. HR 2096-The Responsible Stem Cell Research Act, 2001 3. HR 2747-To codify Clinton Administration's guidelines governing research using human pluripotent stem cells 4. HR 2838-To require NIH to conduct human embryonic stem cells (HESC) and repeal the human embryonic research ban contained within the labour HHS, and Education Appropriations Act 5. HR 2863-To require the establishment of an additional FDA advisory committee to make recommendation on the field of cell development, including HESC and therapeutic cloning Senate 1. S 723- HESC generation and research 2. S 1359-To maintain a stem cell donor bank containing stem cells derived from adult tissue, placentas and umbilical cord blood 108 House 1. HR 534-Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2003 2. HR 801-Cloning of Humans (to prohibit reproductive cloning but allow therapeutic cloning) 3. HR 916-Human Cloning Research Prohibition Act of 2003 4. HR 938-Human Cloning Prevention Act of 2003 Senate 1. S 245-Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2003 2. S 303-Human cloning ban and Stem Cell Research Protection Act of 2003 109 House 1. HR 162-Use of Federal Fund to Research an HESC 2. HR 222-Prohibition of Federal Funding for Research on the Cloning of Humans 3. HR 810-The Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005 4. HR 1357-The Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2005 Senate 1. S 471- Stem Cell Research

Parole Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Parole - Essay Example However, there has been a consensus among the players within the criminal justice system that incarceration is not the most appropriate measure to all offenders. It is in the light of this consensus that parole and probation systems were developed in order to provide alternative and appropriate ways of addressing specific types of offenders (Welsh and Harris, 2008). These systems have had remarkable impacts within the criminal justice system; but they have also had some shortcomings as well. Particularly, parole has been regarded as an early release option that puts the public at unnecessary risk. On the other hand, there are those who argue that it allows the re-integration of offenders into the community and provides better prospects for rehabilitation (Broadhurst, 2001). This paper will seek to understand the parole system by discussing its pros and cons. In addition, it will discuss whether parole is currently over-utilized or under-utilized in Australia, or whether proper balanc e has been struck. Yoshimura (2000) defines parole as a process that involves conditionally releasing an offender from prison so that he or she can serve the remaining sentence in the community according to the sentences terms that the court would impose. Often, offenders released under parole serve the remaining sentence in the community under community corrections officer supervision. Parole is considered as a conditional release from the prison because the release of the offenders is based on certain conditions such as prisoners agreeing to obey specific restrictions imposed by the court. It should be noted that the parole release decisions basis vary across jurisdiction and time (Proctor, 1999). For example, parole can be offered as an entitlement to offenders after they have served a specified minimum imprisonment term. Similarly, parole can be used as a reward for offender’s good behavior. Nonetheless, the bottom line is that granting of release on parole is based on

Pre-Socratic Philosophers Essay Example for Free

Pre-Socratic Philosophers Essay Pre-Socratic is the expression commonly used to describe those Greek thinkers who lived and wrote between 600 and 400 B.C. It was the Pre-Socratics who attempted to find universal principles which would explain the natural world from its origins to mans place in it. Although Socrates died in 399 B.C., the term Pre-Socratic indicates not so much a chronological limit, but rather an outlook or range of interests, an outlook attacked by both Protagoras (a Sophist) and Socrates, because natural philosophy was worthless when compared with the search for the good life. To give the Pre-Socratic thinkers their full due would require an article of encyclopedic scope. Given that, I have decided to list a number of sites on individual Pre-Socratic thinkers.Anaximander1. Life and SourcesThe history of written Greek philosophy starts with Anaximander of Miletus in Asia Minor, a fellow-citizen of Thales. He was the first who dared to write a treatise in prose, which has been called traditionally On Nature. This book has been lost, although it probably was available in the library of the Lyceum at the times of Aristotle and his successor Theophrastus. It is said that Apollodorus, in the second century BCE, stumbled upon a copy of it, perhaps in the famous library of Alexandria. Recently, evidence has appeared that it was part of the collection of the library of Taormina in Sicily, where a fragment of a catalogue has been found, on which Anaximander’s name can be read. Only one fragment of the book has come down to us, quoted by Simplicius (after Theophrastus), in the sixth century AD. It is perhaps the most famous and most discussed phrase in the history of philosophy.We also know very little of Anaximander’s life. He is said to have led a mission that founded a colony called Apollonia on the coast of the Black Sea. He also probably introduced the gnomon (a perpendicular sun-dial) into Greece and erected one in Sparta. So he seems to have been a much-traveled man, which is not astonishing, as the Milesians were known to be audacious sailors. It is also reported that he displayed solemn manners and wore pompous garments. Most of the information on Anaximander comes from Aristotle and his pupil Theophrastus, whose book on the history of philosophy was used, excerpted, and quoted by many other authors, the so-called doxographers, before it was lost. Sometimes, in these texts words or expressions appear that can with some certainty be ascribed  to Anaximander himself. Relatively many testimonies, approximately one third of them, have to do with astronomical and cosmological questions. Hermann Diels and Walter Kranz have edited the doxography (A) and the existing texts (B) of the Presocratic philosophers in Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Berlin 1951-19526. (A quotation like â€Å"DK 12A17†³ means: â€Å"Diels/Kranz, Anaximander, doxographical report no.17†³).| 2. The â€Å"Boundless† as Principle According to Aristotle and Theophrastus, the first Greek philosophers were looking for the â€Å"origin† or â€Å"principle† (the Greek word â€Å"archà ªÃ¢â‚¬  has both meanings) of all things. Anaximander is said to have identified it with â€Å"the Boundless† or â€Å"the Unlimited† (Greek: â€Å"apeiron,† that is, â€Å"that which has no boundaries†). Already in ancient times, it is complained that Anaximander did not explain what he meant by â€Å"the Boundless.† More recently, authors have disputed whether the Boundless should be interpreted as spatially or temporarily without limits, or perhaps as that which has no qualifications, or as that which is inexhaustible. Some scholars have even defended the meaning â€Å"that which is not experienced,† by relating the Greek word â€Å"apeiron† not to â€Å"peras† (â€Å"boundary,† â€Å"limit†), but to â€Å"perao† (â€Å"to experience,â⠂¬  â€Å"to apperceive†). The suggestion, however, is almost irresistible that Greek philosophy, by making the Boundless into the principle of all things, has started on a high level of abstraction. On the other hand, some have pointed out that this use of â€Å"apeiron† is atypical for Greek thought, which was occupied with limit, symmetry and harmony. The Pythagoreans placed the boundless (the â€Å"apeiron†) on the list of negative things, and for Aristotle, too, perfection became aligned with limit (Greek: â€Å"peras†), and thus â€Å"apeiron† with imperfection. Therefore, some authors suspect eastern (Iranian) influence on Anaximander’s ideas. Anaximenes (d. 528 BCE) According to the surviving sources on his life, Anaximenes flourished in the mid 6th century BCE and died around 528. He is the third philosopher of the Milesian School of philosophy, so named because like Thales and Anaximander, Anaximenes was an inhabitant of Miletus, in Ionia (ancient Greece). Theophrastus notes that Anaximenes was an associate, and possibly a student, of Anaximander’s. Anaximenes is best known for his doctrine that air is the source of all things. In this way, he differed with his predecessors like Thales, who held that water is the source of all things, and Anaximander, who thought that all things came from an unspecified boundless stuff. 2. Doctrine of Change Given his doctrine that all things are composed of air, Anaximenes suggested an interesting qualitative account of natural change: [Air] differs in essence in accordance with its rarity or density. When it is thinned it becomes fire, while when it is condensed it becomes wind, then cloud, when still more condensed it becomes water, then earth, then stones. Everything else comes from these. (DK13A5) Influence on later Philosophy Anaximenes’ theory of successive change of matter by rarefaction and condensation was influential in later theories. It is developed by Heraclitus (DK22B31), and criticized by Parmenides (DK28B8.23-24, 47-48). Anaximenes’ general theory of how the materials of the world arise is adopted by Anaxagoras(DK59B16), even though the latter has a very different theory of matter. Both Melissus (DK30B8.3) and Plato (Timaeus 49b-c) see Anaximenes’ theory as providing a common-sense explanation of change. Diogenes of Apollonia makes air the basis of his explicitly monistic theory. The Hippocratic treatise On Breaths uses air as the central concept in a theory of diseases. By providing cosmological accounts with a theory of change, Anaximenes separated them from the realm of mere speculation and made them, at least in conception, scientific theories capable of testing. Thales of Miletus (c. 620 BCE – c. 546 BCE) The ancient Greek philosopher Thales was born in Miletus in Greek Ionia. Aristotle, the major source for Thales’s philosophy and science, identified Thales as the first person to investigate the basic principles, the question of the originating substances of matter and, therefore, as the founder of the school of natural philosophy. Thales was interested in almost everything, investigating almost all areas of knowledge, philosophy, history, science, mathematics, engineering, geography, and politics. He  proposed theories to explain many of the events of nature, the primary substance, the support of the earth, and the cause of change. Thales was much involved in the problems of astronomy and provided a number of explanations of cosmological events which traditionally involved supernatural entities. His questioning approach to the understanding of heavenly phenomena was the beginning of Greek astronomy. Thales’ hypotheses were new and bold, and in freeing phenomena from godly intervention, he paved the way towards scientific endeavor. He founded the Milesian school of natural philosophy, developed the scientific method, and initiated the first western enlightenment. A number of anecdotes is closely connected to Thales’ investigations of the cosmos. When considered in association with his hypotheses they take on added meaning and are most enlightening. Thales was highly esteemed in ancient times, and a letter cited by Diogenes Laertius, and purporting to be from Anaximenes to Pythagoras, advised that all our discourse should begin with a reference to Thales (D.L. II.4). 1. The Writings of Thales Doubts have always existed about whether Thales wrote anything, but a number of ancient reports credit him with writings. Simplicius (Diels, Dox. p. 475) specifically attributed to Thales authorship of the so-called Nautical Star-guide. Diogenes Laertius raised doubts about authenticity, but wrote that ‘according to others [Thales] wrote nothing but two treatises, one On the Solstice and one On the Equinox‘ (D.L. I.23). Lobon of Argus asserted that the writings of Thales amounted to two hundred lines (D.L. I.34), and Plutarch associated Thales with opinions and accounts expressed in verse (Plutarch, De Pyth. or. 18. 402 E). Hesychius, recorded that ‘[Thales] wrote on celestial matters in epic verse, on the equinox, and much else’ (DK, 11A2). Callimachus credited Thales with the sage advice that navigators should navigate by Ursa Minor (D.L. I.23), advice which may have been in writing. Diogenes mentions a poet, Choerilus, who declared that ‘[Thales] was the first to maintain the immortality of the soul’ (D.L. I.24), and in De Anima, Aristotle’s words ‘from what is recorded about [Thales]‘, indicate that Aristotle was working from a written source. Diogenes recorded that  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ[Thales] seems by some accounts to have been the first to study astronomy, the first to predict eclipses of the sun and to fix the solstices; so Eudemus in his History of Astronomy. It was this which gained for him the admiration of Xenophanes and Herodotus and the notice of Heraclitus and Democritus’ (D.L. I.23). Eudemus who wrote a History of Astronomy, and also on geometry and theology, must be considered as a possible source for the hypotheses of Thales. The information provided by Diogenes is the sort of material which he would have included in his History of Astronomy, and it is possible that the titles On the Solstice, and On the Equinox were a vailable to Eudemus. Xenophanes, Herodotus, Heraclitus and Democritus were familiar with the work of Thales, and may have had a work by Thales available to them. A solstice is an astronomical event that happens twice each year when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky as seen from the North or South Pole. The word solstice is derived from the Latin sol (sun) and sistere (to stand still), because at the solstices, the Sun stands still in declination; that is, the seasonal movement of the Suns path (as seen from Earth) comes to a stop before reversing direction. The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with the seasons. In many cultures the solstices mark either the beginning or the midpoint of winter and summer. The term solstice can also be used in a broader sense, as the date (day) when this occurs. The day of the solstice is either the longest day of the year (in summer) or the shortest day of the year (in winter) for any place on Earth, because the length of time between sunrise and sunset on that day is the yearly maximum or minimum for that place. Proclus recorded that Thales was followed by a great wealth of geometers, most of whom remain as honoured names. They commence with Mamercus, who was a pupil of Thales, and include Hippias of Elis, Pythagoras, Anaxagoras, Eudoxus of Cnidus, Philippus of Mende, Euclid, and Eudemus, a friend of Aristotle, who wrote histories of arithmetic, of astronomy, and of geometry, and many lesser known names. It is possible that writings of Thales were available to some of these men. Any records which Thales may have kept would have been an advantage in his own work. This is especially true of mathematics, of the dates and times determined when fixing the solstices, the positions of stars, and in  financial transactions. It is difficult to believe that Thales would not have written down the information he had gathered in his travels, particularly the geometry he investigated in Egypt and his measuring of the height of the pyramid, his hypotheses about nature, and the cause of change. Proclus acknowledged Thales as the discoverer of a number of specific theorems (A Commentary on the First Book of Euclid’s Elements 65. 8-9; 250. 16-17). This suggests that Eudemus, Proclus’s source had before him the written records of Thales’s discoveries. How did Thales ‘prove’ his theorems if not in written words and sketches? The works On the Solstice, On the Equinox, which were attributed to Thales (D.L. I.23), and the ‘Nautical Star guide, to which Simplicius referred, may have been sources for the History of Astronomy of Eudemus (D.L. I.23). Pythagoras (c.570—c.495 BCE) The pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Pythagoras must have been one of the world’s greatest persons, but he wrote nothing, and it is hard to say how much of the doctrine we know as Pythagorean is due to the founder of the society and how much is later development. It is also hard to say how much of what we are told about the life of Pythagoras is trustworthy; for a mass of legend gathered around his name at an early date. Sometimes he is represented as a man of science, and sometimes as a preacher of mystic doctrines, and we might be tempted to regard one or other of those characters as alone historical. The truth is that there is no need to reject either of the traditional views. The union of mathematical genius and mysticism is common enough. Originally from Samos, Pythagoras founded at Kroton (in southern Italy) a society which was at once a religious community and a scientific school. Such a body was bound to excite jealousy and mistrust, and we hear of many struggles. Pythagoras himself had to flee from Kroton to Metapontion, where he died. It is stated that he was a disciple of Anaximander, his astronomy was the natural development of Anaximander’s. Also, the way in which the Pythagorean geometry developed also bears witness to its descent from that of Miletos. The great problem at this date was the duplication of the square, a problem which gave rise to the theorem of the square on the hypotenuse, commonly  known still as the Pythagorean proposition (Euclid, I. 47). If we were right in assuming that Thales worked with the old 3:4:5 triangle, the connection is obvious. Pythagoras argued that there are three kinds of men, just as there are three classes of strangers who come to the Olympic Games. The lowest consists of those who come to buy and sell, and next above them are those who come to compete. Best of all are those who simply come to look on. Men may be classified accordingly as lovers of wisdom, lovers of honor, and lovers of gain. That seems to imply the doctrine of the tripartite soul, which is also attributed to the early Pythagoreans on good authority, though it is common now to ascribe it to Plato. There are, however, clear references to it before his time, and it agrees much better with the general outlook of the Pythagoreans. The comparison of human life to a gathering like the Games was often repeated in later days. Pythagoras also taught the doctrine of Rebirth or transmigration, which we may have learned from the contemporary Orphics. Xenophanes made fun of him for pretending to recognize the voice of a departed friend in the howls of a beaten dog. Empedocles seems to be referring to him when he speaks of a man who could remember what happened ten or twenty generations before. It was on this that the doctrine of Recollection, which plays so great a part in Plato, was based. The things we perceive with the senses, Plato argues, remind us of things we knew when the soul was out of the body and could perceive reality directly. There is more difficulty about the cosmology of Pythagoras. Hardly any school ever professed such reverence for its founder’s authority as the Pythagoreans. ‘The Master said so’ was their watchword. On the other hand, few schools have shown so much capacity for progress and for adapting themselves to new conditions. Pythagoras started from the cosmical system of Anaximenes. Aristotle tells us that the Pythagoreans represented the world as inhaling ‘air’ form the boundless mass outside it, and this ‘air’ is identified with ‘the unlimited’. When, however, we come to the process by which things are developed out of the ‘unlimited’, we observe a great change. We hear nothing more of ‘separating out’ or even of rarefaction and condensation. Instead of that we have the theory that what gives form to the  Unlimited is the Limit. That is the great contribution of Pythagoras to philosophy, and we must try to understand it. Now the function of the Limit is usually illustrated from the arts of music and medicine, and we have seen how important these two arts were for Pythagoreans, so it is natural to infer that the key to its meaning is to be found in them. It may be taken as certain that Pythagoras himself discovered the numerical ratios which determine the concordant intervals of the musical scale. Similar to musical intervals, in medicine there are opposites, such as the hot and the cold, the wet and the dry, and it is the business of the physician to produce a proper ‘blend’ of these in the human body. In a well-known passage of Plato’s Phaedo (86 b) we are told by Simmias that the Pythagoreans held the body to be strung like an instrument to a certain pitch, hot and cold, wet and dry taking the place of high and low in music. Musical tuning and health are alike means arising from the application of Limit to the Unlimited. It was natural for Pythagoras to look for something of the same kind in the world at large. Briefly stated, the doctrine of Pythagoras was that all things are numbers. In certain fundamental cases, the early Pythagoreans represented numbers and explained their properties by means of dots arrang ed in certain ‘figures’ or patterns. Zeno’s Paradoxes In the fifth century B.C.E., Zeno of Elea offered arguments that led to conclusions contradicting what we all know from our physical experience–that runners run, that arrows fly, and that there are many different things in the world. The arguments were paradoxes for the ancient Greek philosophers. Because most of the arguments turn crucially on the notion that space and time are infinitely divisible—for example, that for any distance there is such a thing as half that distance, and so on—Zeno was the first person in history to show that the concept of infinity is problematical. In his Achilles Paradox, Achilles races to catch a slower runner–for example, a tortoise that is crawling away from him. The tortoise has a head start, so if Achilles hopes to overtake it, he must run at least to the place where the tortoise presently is, but by the time he arrives there, it will have crawled to a new place, so then Achilles must run to this new place, but the  tortoise meanwhile will have crawled on, and so forth. Achilles will never catch the tortoise, says Zeno. Therefore, good reasoning shows that fast runners never can catch slow ones. So much the worse for the claim that motion really occurs, Zeno says in defense of his mentor Parmenides who had argued that motion is an illusion. Although practically no scholars today would agree with Zeno’s conclusion, we can not escape the paradox by jumping up from our seat and chasing down a tortoise, nor by saying Achilles should run to some other target place ahead of where the tortoise is at the moment. What is required is an analysis of Zeno’s own argument that does not get us embroiled in new paradoxes nor impoverish our mathematics and science. This article explains his ten known paradoxes and considers the treatments that have been offered. Zeno assumed distances and durations can be divided into an actual infinity (what we now call a transfinite infinity) of indivisible parts, and he assumed these are too many for the runner to complete. Aristotle‘s treatment said Zeno should have assumed there are only potential infinities, and that neither places nor times divide into indivisible parts. His treatment became the generally accepted solution until the late 19th century. The current standard treatment says Zeno was right to conclude that a runner’s path contains an actual infinity of parts, but he was mistaken to assume this is too many. This treatment employs the apparatus of calculus which has proved its indispensability for the development of modern science. In the twentieth century it finally became clear that disallowing actual infinities, as Aristotle wanted, hampers the growth of set theory and ultimately of mathematics and physics. This standard treatment took hundreds of years to perfect and was due to the flexibility of intellectuals who were willing to replace old theories and their concepts with more fruitful ones, despite the damage done to common sense and our naive intuitions. The article ends by exploring newer treatments of the paradoxes—and related paradoxes such as Thomson’s Lamp Paradox—that were developed since the 1950s. Parmenides (b. 510 BCE) Parmenides was a Greek philosopher and poet, born of an illustrious family about BCE. 510, at Elea in Lower Italy, and is is the chief representative of the Eleatic philosophy. He was held in high esteem by his fellow-citizens for his excellent legislation, to which they ascribed the prosperity and wealth of the town. He was also admired for his exemplary life. A â€Å"Parmenidean life† was proverbial among the Greeks. He is commonly represented as a disciple of Xenophanes. Parmenides wrote after Heraclitus, and in conscious opposition to him, given the evident allusion to Hericlitus: â€Å"for whom it is and is not, the same and not the same, and all things travel in opposite directions† (fr. 6, 8). Little more is known of his biography than that he stopped at Athens on a journey in his sixty-fifth year, and there became acquainted with the youthful Socrates. That must have been in the middle of the fifth century BCE., or shortly after it. Parmenides broke with the older Ionic prose tradition by writing in hexameter verse. His didactic poem, called On Nature, survives in fragments, although the Proem (or introductory discourse) of the work has been preserved. Parmenides was a young man when he wrote it, for the goddess who reveals the truth to him addresses him as â€Å"youth.† The work is considered inartistic. Its Hesiodic style was appropriate for the cosmogony he describes in the second part, but is unsuited to the arid dialectic of the first. Parmenides was no born poet, and we must ask what led him to take this new departure. The example of Xenophanes’ poetic writings is not a complete explanation; for the poetry of Parmenides is as unlike that of Xenophanes as it well can be, and his style is more like Hesiod and the Orphics. In the Proem Parmenides describes his ascent to the home of the goddess who is supposed to speak the remainder of the verses; this is a reflexion of the conventional ascents i nto heaven which were almost as common as descents into hell in the apocalyptic literature of those days. The Proem opens with Parmenides representing himself as borne on a chariot and attended by the Sunmaidens who have quitted the Halls of Night to guide him on his journey. They pass along the highway till they come to the Gate of Night and Day, which is locked and barred. The key is in the keeping of Dike (Right), the Avenger, who is persuaded to unlock it by the Sunmaidens.  They pass in through the gate and are now, of course, in the realms of Day. The goal of the journey is the palace of a goddess who welcomes Parmenides and instructs him in the two ways, that of Truth and the deceptive way of Belief, in which is no truth at all. All this is described without inspiration and in a purely conventional manner, so it must be interpreted by the canons of the apocalyptic style. It is clearly meant to indicate that Parmenides had been converted, that he had passed from error (night) to truth (day), and the Two Ways must represent his former error and the truth which is now revealed to h im. There is reason to believe that the Way of Belief is an account of Pythagorean cosmology. In any case, it is surely impossible to regard it as anything else than a description of some error. The goddess says so in words that cannot be explained away. Further, this erroneous belief is not the ordinary man’s view of the world, but an elaborate system, which seems to be a natural development the Ionian cosmology on certain lines, and there is no other system but the Pythagorean that fulfils this requirement. To this it has been objected that Parmenides would not have taken the trouble to expound in detail a system he had altogether rejected, but that is to mistake the character of the apocalyptic convention. It is not Parmenides, but the goddess, that expounds the system, and it is for this reason that the beliefs described are said to be those of ‘mortals’. Now a description of the ascent of the soul would be quite incomplete without a picture of the region from which it had escaped. The goddess must reveal the two ways at the parting of which Parmenides stands, and bid him choose the better. The rise of mathematics in the Pythagorean school had revealed for the first time the power of thought. To the mathematician of all men it is the same thing that can be thought and that can be, and this is the principle from which Parmenides starts. It is impossible to think what is not, and it is impossible for what cannot be thought to be. The great question, Is it or is it not? is therefore equivalent to the question, Can it be thought or not? In any case, the work thus has two divisions. The first discusses the truth, and the second the world of illusion — that is, the world of the senses and the erroneous opinions of mankind founded upon them. In his opinion truth  lies in the perception that existence is, and error in the idea that non-existence also can be. Nothing can have real existence but what is conceivable; therefore to be imagined and to be able to exist are the same thing, and there is no development. The essence of what is conceivable is incapable of development, imperishable, immutable, unbounded, and indivisible. What is various and mutable, all development, is a delusive phantom. Perception is thought directed to the pure essence of being; the phenomenal world is a delusion, and the opinions formed concerning it can only be improbable. Parmenides goes on to consider in the light of this principle the consequences of saying that anything is. In the first place, it cannot have come into being. If it had, it must have arisen from nothing or from something. It cannot have arisen from nothing; for there is no nothing. It cannot have arisen from something; for here is nothing else than what is. Nor can anything else besides itself come into being; for there can be no empty space in which it could do so. Is it or is it not? If it is, then it is now, all at once. In this way Parmenides refutes all accounts of the origin of the world. Ex nihilo nihil fit. Further, if it is, it simply is, and it cannot be more or less. There is, therefore, as much of it in one place as in another. (That makes rarefaction and condensation impossible.) it is continuous and indivisible; for there is nothing but itself which could prevent its parts being in contact with one another. It is therefore full, a continuous indivisible plenum. (That is directed against the Pythagorean theory of a discontinuous reality.) Further, it is immovable. If it moved, it must move into empty space, and empty space is nothing, and there is no nothing. Also it is finite and spherical; for it cannot be in one direction any more than in another, and the sphere is the only figure of which this can be said. What is, therefore a finite, spherical, motionless, continuous plenum, and there is nothing beyond it. Coming into being and ceasing to be are mere ‘names’, and so is motion, and still more color and the like. They are not even thoughts; for a thought must be a thought of something that is, and none of these can be. Such is the conclusion to which the view of the real as a single body inevitably leads, and there is no escape from it. The ‘matter’ of our physical text-books is just the real of Parmenides; and, unless we can find room for something else than matter, we are shut up into his account of reality. No subsequent system could afford to ignore this, but of course it was impossible to acquiesce permanently in a doctrine like that of Parmenides. It deprives the world we know of all claim to existence, and reduces it to something which is hardly even an illusion. If we are to give an intelligible account of the world, we must certainly introduce motion again somehow. That can never be taken for granted any more, as it was by the early cosmologists; we must attempt to explain it if we are to escape from the conclusions of Parmenides. Heraclitus (fl. c.500 BCE) A Greek philosopher of the late 6th century BCE, Heraclitus criticizes his predecessors and contemporaries for their failure to see the unity in experience. He claims to announce an everlasting Word (Logos) according to which all things are one, in some sense. Opposites are necessary for life, but they are unified in a system of balanced exchanges. The world itself consists of a law-like interchange of elements, symbolized by fire. Thus the world is not to be identified with any particular substance, but rather with an ongoing process governed by a law of change. The underlying law of nature also manifests itself as a moral law for human beings. Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications. Anaxagoras (c.500—428 BCE) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years. He gained notoriety for his materialistic views, particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock. This led to charges of impiety, and he was sentenced to death by the Athenian court. He avoided this penalty by leaving Athens, and he spent his remaining years in exile. While Anaxagoras proposed theories on a variety of subjects, he is most noted for two theories. First, he speculated that in the physical world everything contains a portion of everything else. His observation of how nutrition works in animals led him to conclude that in order for the food an animal eats to turn into bone,  hair, flesh, and so forth, it must already contain all of those constituents within it. The second theory of significance is Anaxagoras’ postulation of Mind (Nous) as the initiating and governing principle of the cosmos. Democritus ( 460—370 BCE) Democritus was born at Abdera, about 460 BCE, although according to some 490. His father was from a noble family and of great wealth, and contributed largely towards the entertainment of the army of Xerxes on his return to Asia. As a reward for this service the Persian monarch gave and other Abderites presents and left among them several Magi. Democritus, according to Diogenes Laertius, was instructed by these Magi in astronomy and theology. After the death of his father he traveled in search of wisdom, and devoted his inheritance to this purpose, amounting to one hundred talents. He is said to have visited Egypt, Ethiopia, Persia, and India. Whether, in the course of his travels, he visited Athens or studied under Anaxagoras is uncertain. During some part of his life he was instructed in Pythagoreanism, and was a disciple of Leucippus. After several years of traveling, Democritus returned to Abdera, with no means of subsistence. His brother Damosis, however, took him in. According to the law of Abdera, whoever wasted his patrimony would be deprived of the rites of burial. Democritus, hoping to avoid this disgrace, gave public lectures. Petronius relates that he was acquainted with the virtues of herbs, plants, and stones, and that he spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies. He acquired fame with his knowledge of natural phenomena, and predicted changes in the weather. He used this ability to make people believe that he could predict future events. They not only viewed him as something more than mortal, but even proposed to put him in control of their public affairs. He preferred a contemplative to an active life, and therefore declined these public honors and passed the remainder of his days in solitude. Credit cannot be given to the tale that Democritus spent his leisure hours in chemical researches after the philosopher’s stone — the dream of a later age; or to the story of his conversation with Hippocrates concerning Democritus’s supposed madness, as based on spurious letters. Democritus has been commonly known as â€Å"The Laughing Philosopher,† and it is gravely related  by Seneca that he never appeared in public with out expressing his contempt of human follies while laughing. Accordingly, we find that among his fellow-citizens he had the name of â€Å"the mocker†. He died at more than a hundred years of age. It is said that from then on he spent his days and nights in caverns and sepulchers, and that, in order to master his intellectual faculties, he blinded himself with burning glass. This story, however, is discredited by the writers who mention it insofar as they say he wrote books and dissected animals, neither of which could be done we ll without eyes. Democritus expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus. He maintained the impossibility of dividing things ad infinitum. From the difficulty of assigning a beginning of time, he argued the eternity of existing nature, of void space, and of motion. He supposed the atoms, which are originally similar, to be impenetrable and have a density proportionate to their volume. All motions are the result of active and passive affection. He drew a distinction between primary motion and its secondary effects, that is, impulse and reaction. This is the basis of the law of necessity, by which all things in nature are ruled. The worlds which we see — with all their properties of immensity, resemblance, and dissimilitude — result from the endless multiplicity of falling atoms. The human soul consists of globular atoms of fire, which impart movement to the body. Maintaining his atomic theory throughout, Democritus introduced the hypothesis of images or idols (eidola), a kind of emanation from external objects, which make an impression on our senses, and from the influence of which he deduced sensation (aesthesis) and thought (noesis). He distinguished between a rude, imperfect, and therefore false perception and a true one. In the same manner, consistent with this theory, he accounted for the popular notions of Deity; partly through our incapacity to understand fully the phenomena of which we are witnesses, and partly from the impressions communicated by certain beings (eidola) of enormous stature and resembling the human figure which inhabit the air. We know these from dreams and the causes of divination. He carried his theory into practical philosophy also, laying down that happiness consisted in an even temperament. From this he deduced his moral principles and prudential maxims. It was from Democritus that  Epicurus borrowed the princi pal features of his philosophy. Empedocles (c.492—432 BCE) Empedocles (of Acagras in Sicily) was a philosopher and poet: one of the most important of the philosophers working before Socrates (the Presocratics), and a poet of outstanding ability and of great influence upon later poets such as Lucretius. His works On Nature and Purifications (whether they are two poems or only one – see below) exist in more than 150 fragments. He has been regarded variously as a materialist physicist, a shamanic magician, a mystical theologian, a healer, a democratic politician, a living god, and a fraud. To him is attributed the invention of the four-element theory of matter (earth, air, fire, and water), one of the earliest theories of particle physics, put forward seemingly to rescue the phenomenal world from the static monism of Parmenides. Empedocles’ world-view is of a cosmic cycle of eternal change, growth and decay, in which two personified cosmic forces, Love and Strife, engage in an eternal battle for supremacy. In psychology and ethics Empedocles was a follower of Pythagoras, hence a believer in the transmigration of souls, and hence also a vegetarian. He claims to be a daimà ´n, a divine or potentially divine being, who, having been banished from the immortals gods for ‘three times countless years’ for committing the sin of meat-eating and forced to suffer successive reincarnations in an purificatory journey through the different orders of nature and elements of the cosmos, has now achieved the most perfect of human states and will be reborn as an immortal. He also claims seemingly magical powers including the ability to revive the dead and to control the winds and rains.